CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

In this modern world, tourism industry has been growing at an outstanding rate and it has appeared as the world ’s largest and greatest export industry. Following the advanced development of science, information and technology, the world from some years new has been a global village. The basic information of the particular places through internet and electronic medias such as television and radio and the easy access with the speeding transportation, the human desire of traveling across has been increased more than ever in this century. The ample interference is that the
tourism has been the fastest growing industry of the world. Different people inside and outside the country have conducted many studies in this field. More and more studies about the tourism are coming into focus. Therefore, tourism is not a new concept. These studies are made on different way facets of tourism in Nepal and furnish important information for the present study. In order to make the study more reliable, some of the important studies are reviewed. In addition to that, the various tourism related magazines, booklet, newspaper,
published and unpublished reports and publications are also reviewed.

2.1 Tourism

Man always becomes eager to see and know some thing new in his life. Because of his eagerness, he started his journey and travels from place to place, such travelers
are tourists (Regmi, 1991). Etymologically the word tour is derived from the Latin word 'tornave' and Greek 'tornos' meaning lather circle the movement around a
central point or axis. Suffix ‘ism’ is defined as action. Most widely accepted but technical definition of the tourist was proposed by IUOTO in 1963 and approved by
WTO states that tourists are temporary visitors staying at least 24 hours in country visited and the purpose of visit is classified under one of following heading: One
leisure (recreation, holiday, health, study, religion and sport), and other Business (Family mission, meeting) (Kunwar, 2002). Tourism is a human activity, which has
proved important for all nations since it fosters international brotherhood and understanding. With the passage of time and increasing affluence, tourism is
becoming more popular as well as important day by day throughout the world (Source: Shrestha, H. P. 2000).
Tourism, being an important activity, plays not only an instrumental role in alleviating poverty but also improves socio-economic status of a community. It helps to earn foreign currency and provides a sustainable way of conserving environment and culture through integrated local participation (NTTR, August 22-28, 2005). It, by all means, is peoples’ industry; it is run by the people for the people at the core – be they guests or hosts, and it is their well being and enrichment which should be the primary goal of tourism development (Kunwar, 1997). If the local people understand contribution of tourism at local and national level, they automatically initiate promotional programmes in rural areas (Gautam and Adhikari, 2005). It can bring long-term benefit to the local inhabitants, for sustainable - a holistic, ecologically- oriented approach to economic development (Luger, 2002). South Asia has a great potential for tourism development. Our rich socio-cultural mosaic adds up to an unparalleled natural beauty to make our region an attractive destination for tourists from both within the region and abroad (NTTR, 2005b). In the last decades, Asian tourism has been extremely successful-showing the highest growth rates of all world regions. Together the 12 South-East, South Asian and East-African countries affected by the tsunami received some 31 million international tourist arrivals in 2003 and earned receipts of US$23 billion (NTTR, 2005a). Tourism is a basic and most desirable human activity deserving the praise and encouragement of all people of government. With the rapid economic transformation from backward to developed economy, traveling has come out as a growing hobby rather than a fashion (Ranjit, 1984). Tourism sector is more connected with the trade rather than the natural phenomena of the country. Higher the production of merchandise, higher will be the flow of visitors concerning the business. Alternatively, higher the home economy can absorb the foreign goods means higher will be the flow of tourist for the sale of their goods. (Source: Khanal, 1986)
Tourism is a forefront industry in context of globalization. Globalization helps us to put forward our unique products to international market that can generate income and employment (Source:Upadhyay, 2005). At micro level, tourism helps to change balance
of payments situation favorably by promoting exports (Source: Gautam and Adhikari, 2005). International tourism became a major modem mass phenomenon after II world war when it came to embrace practically as social classes in industrialized western societies (Source: Kunwar, 2002).International tourism will continue to grow with the telescoping of time by jet travel and increase in leisure time in industrial societies
(Gurung, 2002). Scientific development has narrowed the world by creating more leisure time and technological advancement, which ultimately leads to travel and tourism (Source: Khanal,1986). The travel industry is unique in many ways like its raw materials are inexhaustible; tourism products don’t diminish with constant use, despite the influx of increasing numbers of tourists, the sights and sounds of a destination can be maintained and even enhanced with good management; and finally, tourism has a further advantage over merchandise export i.e. tourists will be necessarily be physically present in the exporting country. (Source: Gurung, 2002) Tourism industry is playing a crucial role in the overall development of Nepal (Source: Khanal, 1986). Nepal has got a very strong power of nature; all the country needs is better diversification (Pradhan, 2005a). Tourism has a great role to play to improve country's image in international arena (Gautam and Adhikari, 2005). Different sectors under tourism should be treated differently. The sectors do not hold equal weight and equal significance (Khanal, 1986). The tourism industry is a complex, multi layered phenomenon which includes travel agencies, public relation forms, tourism bureaus and the media (Kunwar, 2002). Tourism industry of Nepal is a multi disciplinary sector – where people ranging from illiterate villager to highly educated urban elite, technical and non-technical personnel, highly professional skills to guides and porters are involved (NTB, 2058 B. S.). Tourism should be well developed for the economics progress of the majority of the countries like Nepal
(Source: Khanal, 1986). Without promotion of internal tourism, no any tourism policy can be sustainable. To
promote domestic tourism, requirement of peace, withdraw of tedious security check at highway or check with high technology instrument taking short time etc. There are lots of Nepalese visiting Pokhara, Chitwan (Sauraha), Khumbu, Jomsom, Muktinath, Kagbeni, Eklebatti area of Mustang, Daman etc. Tour packages to these places at reasonable price leads to internal tourism to these places in near future (Adhikari, 9Magh, 2062 BS).
Tourism needs planning to develop in strategic way. But developing countries follow planning process in tourism very slowly (Dahal, 2060 BS). Tourism planning includes
a very diverse set of activities undertaken by many different groups representing different interests (Kunwar, 1997). Since tourism is a multi-faceted industry
contributing to the socio-economic development of Nepal, this sector requires careful planning and long term vision to grow (NTB, 2006a). By integrating the principle of decentralization and active involvement of local populace in tourism activities, HMG/N has been piloting models through TRPAP (Dhakal, 2006a and 2006b). As welcoming ceremony is an important gesture of guest relation in tourism. Nepalese believe that guests are torsos of gods so the famous saying goes “Athiti Dewo Dhawa” rooted in its culture and religious traits (Singh, 2004). Tourists’ arrival number alone should not be judged as an indicator to gauge the success of tourism industry in any country. It needs to be evaluated along with host of other factors viz.; scale of contribution in improving nations economy, use of local products and services, generated employment opportunities, tourism revenue to the nation etc. (Source: Dhakal, 2006a and 2006b). Air transport and tourism are the fastest growing industries around the world and the same is true in Nepal (Shrestha, M. B. 2000).

2.2 General Review

Tata Economic Consultancy Service (TECS) keeping in the view that the tourism industry offers opportunities for economic growth and also for generating employment, the state would have to gear itself up in all respects be it infrastructure, trained manpower and permit facilitation etc. The tourist manpower development strategy entails not only promoting new schemes but also opening up other areas to increase the tourism activities (TECS, 1998) Pradhan conducted a study on “Developing Tourist Resorts and its economic impact” in 1979. The study deals with the need for improving tourist resorts in Nepal. The major aim of developing tourist resort is to see that the tourists are able to spend as much as possible which depends on the extent of opportunities provided to them (Source: Pradhan, 1979) Tiwari has studied on “Prospect and Problem of Tourism in Nepal”. This study deals with the prospects of tourism development, its economic value and development trend. The study indicated that tourism is a fastest growing industry rather than any other industries in Nepal (Tiwari, 1981) Kaul in his book entitled, “Tourism and the Economy” stated about the multiplier effects of tourist spending. As tourists are found to generally spend a major part of their expending on the organized sector activities, which involves hotels, carriers particularly in developing countries like porters, hawkers, rickshaw pullers also benefits by serving tourist. Indirect benefits are also generated for the local poor and unskilled workers. Thus the multiplier effects of tourist spending create a sizeable amount of income and employment is generated in the region of the country. (Source: Kaul, 1994)
According to a technical report published by WTO-UNEP, usually growing member of vacationers seek recreation in a warm tropical country: they want to see
something different, something new, something spectacular, something to photograph, sometimes they want to travel in comfort, with minimal effort and many
times they want to mix their adventure with leisure activities such as sunbathing, swimming and shopping. Consequently the most successful tourist packages combine a number of different interests, sports, wildlife, local customs, historical sites, spectacular scenes, food and dancing and most of all – water. The sea, lakes, rivers, swimming pools and waterfalls all have high recreational value particularly for domestic tourism (WTO-UNEP-IE/PAC technical report series no. 13, 1994).
M. B . Shrestha has tried to cover the important aspect of Nepalese aviation and tourism in his book “Nepalese aviation and tourism” and tried to explain the aviation history and the role of aviation in tourism. He further discussed the economic significance and the benefits of tourism in the economy of host country which is measured mainly in terms of foreign exchange receipt from tourist and its multiplier effects on different activities, contribution to national income, employment generation in rural areas thus contributing to regional balance. Tourism development will also induce new business opportunities by opening market for local products, promote new skill and encourage positive change in land use and production system. (Source: Shrestha, M.B, 2000) Ramesh Raj Kunwar in his book “Anthropology of Tourism” has made an effort to analyze the ways in which tourism is contributing to changes in value system. For development to take place, first of all the attitude, value of the people should be development prone which is possible to be changed by tourist inflow. (Source: Kunwar, 2000) J.C. Pollaco studied on “Development of Cultural Tourism in Nepal” in 1986. He states that historical movements and cultures of Nepal are an important attraction to many tourists and better use of this sector helps more in promotion of tourism in Nepal. Intensive care should be therefore taken for the protection of the cultural properties (Pollaco, 1986). Tourism Master Plan 1972 has provided guidelines for the development of tourism in Nepal. Potential aspects of Nepalese tourism are trekking tourism, sightseeing tourism, recreational tourism, pilgrimage tourism etc. This plan indicates tourism can be one of the most important industries to achieve the aims like increasing foreign exchange earnings, develop a profitable sector of the private economy, creating an impulse towards the development of National and regional economy and diverting development impulses to the retarded regions. This plan shows that Nepal has been spending large amount of its foreign exchange to import basic tourism components. To make favorable balance of foreign exchange, this plan has formulated policies like reduction of imports, developing saving habits, strict control over foreign exchange and development of air service as well as travel agencies. (Tourism Master Plan, 1972) Shrestha A.P. has studied on the potentiality of tourism in Tansen. He oerved the pleasant climate and natural beauty of this area can attract more tourists in Tansen. After Siddhartha Highway was built, Tansen has become a good tourist destination with good accommodation facilities. Even the hotels at Tansen may not fulfill all the
demands of tourist, so he suggested developing key tourist facilities such as guidance, booklets, maps and hotel facility (Shrestha A.P., 2031 B.S.) Nepal Rastra Bank has studied on “Income and Employment generation from tourism in Nepal”. This study deals about the composition of tourist, duration of their stay, tourist expenditure and the impact of tourism industry on income and employment generation. The study determines that tourism industry has provided jofor 11,176 persons, added the tourist expenditure per day is less than Rs. 300 (Nepal Rastra Bank, 1989)

2.3 Nepalese Tourism Attractions

Attractions are the prime components of an area’s tourism product, must perceive, develop and manage to meet the demands, needs and interest of the visitor with
proper marketing procedures (Pandey, 2006). There are different definitions of tourism attractions given by different tourism specialists. Among them, Lundberg in 1985 defined tourist attraction as anything that attracts tourists (cited in Pandey, 1995). The attractions are those elements in the tourist products which determine the choice of tourist to visit one destination rather than other (Shrestha, H. P. 2000). For the country of its size, Nepal has more than its share of national wonders. It has highest peak on the earth as much as deepest gorge cutting into it (Malla, 1989). Tourist attractions are found to be grouped into natural and man made as two major sectors (Pandey, 1995). People are becoming more and more attracted to new destinations with advancement of time, all kinds of media technologies, easy accessibility of information with growth of the internet in late 20th century has further contributed to the development of tourism industries in new destinations (Shakya, 2004). Tourists looked into flora – fauna, wildlife, scenic beauties, including snow capped mountains, agricultural farms, industrial complexes, craftsmanship, socioreligious sites, historical monuments, the milky waterways, the ethnic groups (Malla, 1989). Most of researchers agree that attractions are the basic elements on which tourism is developed. That’s why the attractions in its widest context would include services and facilities to cater everyday needs of tourists together with other historic sites, amusement parks and spectacular scenery (Pandey, 1995). Tourism is motivated by the quality of a destination's environmental attractions, beaches, lakes, mountains, rivers, forests, countryside, and parks and gardens are all typically the responsibility of the local government in whose areas they located, working with central government and appointed agencies (Victor, 1998). Nepal has yet to capitalize the uniqueness it possesses, especially the natural attractions of the mid and far western regions (Pandey, 2006).

2.4 Problems for Tourism Development in Nepal

Tourism industry is the industry of tomorrow's Nepal. The truth of the day is that inefficiency, lack of vision and absence of commitment for implementations are major impediments to the success of tourism development in Nepal. Unfortunately Nepalese entrepreneurs do not run Nepalese Tourism but it is completely controlled by external forces. Lack of infrastructure also hurdles in development of village tourism. Many villages are without basic infrastructural facilities like road, transport, electricity, telecommunication etc. There are no provisions of hotels on the one hand while on the other hand, the high price tourists have to pay for scarcely available goods discourages them. The traditional mentality of rural people is too obstacle to overcome (Gautam and Adhikari, 2005). Tourism is an industry composed of living organizations which must continuously function and grow without interruptions (Khanal, 1986). After the fateful IC skyjack on 24 December 2000, the tourism industry started facing problems in sequence, which is followed by Hritik Roshan Problem, Royal Massacre, SARS, Bird Flu along with ongoing political instability and unending Maoist insurgency (Dahal, 2060 B. S.;
Pradhan, 2006). These incidences have had a very negative impact on the entire tourism industry leading closure of many hotels. The main reason behind the closure of all the hotels was the failure to fulfill ever inflating bank liability and rising operational cost. The crisis has resulted to a chain of crises. (Pradhan, 2006)
It seems that the tourism development has become just a notion, also the implementation aspect is very week too (Khanal, 1986). In Nepal, 85 percent of its population lives in rural settings and its major part is covered with hills, mid hills and mountains. Tough topography, lack of infrastructure and political instability hindered the growth of rural economy for a very long time pushing people towards poverty (Gautam and Adhikari, 2005). Tourism in Nepal is like a sudden rainfall. It is started with not many national interests and efforts. Though the government is taking a step to promote tourism in Nepal, however they are seemed as inadequate and unsatisfied (Ranjit, 1984). Unfortunately, our tourism entrepreneurs don't like to take the social accountability
and want to enjoy only profit (Upadhyay, 2005). For people living in far flung, the mode of subsistence is agriculture, which is again seasonal and it is barely sufficient to meet domestic demands. It is irony that these villages don't get promotional support from government and private quarters whose vision had been to promote Nepal as the tourism destination in spite of the fact that these yet unexplored villages have tremendous tourism potential (Gautam and Adhikari, 2005). Tourism industry is seasonal in nature. Climate, weather, natural calamities greatly affect tourism. In rainy season the total no of tourists’ arrivals to Nepal falls drastically (Khanal, 1986). The dismaying scenario raises the question that why the influx of tourists is so low in spite of lots of prospects? A couple of facts are responsible behind such question, first being deteriorating security situation in the country. The warring forces in the name of insurgency and counter insurgency threaten people's lives and they feel insecure even inside the four wall. The rural areas of Nepal are mostly affected by such activities. It is impossible to attract an outsider when the locals are fleeing from their homelands for security reasons. The next problem faced by the tourism industry is lack of publicity and marketing. Lack of publicity and marketing often makes the tourists destinations ignored and neglected. Many places of historic, archaeological and religious importance are on the verge of extinction due to lack of publicity and marketing (Gautam and Adhikari, 2005). Sanitation and hygiene are the major problems facing by tourists (Ranjit, 1984). Political Disparity is not only single tourism declining factor in World's naturally and culturally rich country Nepal. Terrorism is found all over the World even in USA and other developed countries, not only in Nepal. Gamble Tourism not only distresses the image of five star hotels of Nepal but also the image of the Nepal in international market. Such non ethic activity destroys whole tourism industry as a whole (Shakya, 27 September, 2005). Chief Executive Officer of NTB, Tej Bahadur Dangi has said that adverse travel advisories issued by various countries in recent times have affected tourism industry. Due to this, there have been group cancellations that have eroded tourists' numbers (The Himalayan Times, 24 February, 2006). Security may turn out to be an integral issue for the promotion of tourism (Chand, 2000). Tourism not only brings economic prosperity, but also damage natural and cultural environment and influence social fabric of the host area. Non regulated tourism endangers and depletes the very natural resources and attributes that attract tourist in the first place (Shrestha, M. B. 2000). It as other sectors of economy is facing numerous challenges and problems. Nepal has not really been able to earn commensurate to its potential not much efforts seem to have been made products in
a requisite fashion and maintained them. Even the world heritage sites of the Valley are in danger of being delisted. The major hurdle to fly to Nepal has been limited by air seat capacity (Pant, 2002). Tourism is single most industry which needs unstinted coordination and cooperation of all ministries (departments). It is very much dependent on host of activities – all government, non government sectors, the producing centers, the distribution centers, transport sectors, communication sectors, medicine sector, academic sector, all are equally important to boost tourism (Malla, 1989).

2.5 Tourism Promotion in Nepal

Tourism is a fast growing industry in Nepal. Being so, more promotional efforts have to be made so that many visitors may acquaint the charm and facilities which Nepal has to offer them (Satyal, 2000). There are innumerable potentialities for its growth in Nepal (Khanal, 1986). Promotion of tourism is very essential in earning the foreign currency and providing employment directly and indirectly (Ranjit, 1984). Tourism promotion has contributed to employment, income generation and importance of balance of payments. The development of tourism is likely to contribute to the improvement of historic and religious place and environment conservation (Pant, 2002). It is believed that the promotion and expansion of tourism to newer domestic
locations will benefit local organization and individuals to join in this sector and claim for a judicious dissemination of revenue (Dhakal, 2006a and 2006b). For that it is necessary to identify and develop tourist centers in the country (Regmi, 1991). The concept of a global village is being translated into an achievable reality. With an unprecedented growth of the communication sector, the world has literally become a
far smaller place to live in. Promotion of the Concept of Rural Tourism by adopting villages in a planned manner is the present need in Nepalese context (Chand, 2000).

For the successful development of tourism properly in the country, it is necessary to give adequate attention towards touristic products and infrastructures. One of the most important and crucial part of tourism is the tourism product. It is the product which motivates tourists to visit and see certain things in certain destinations (Source: Shrestha, H. P. 2000). Nepal being agricultural country with most people engaged in agriculture sector. There is disguised unemployment in this sector. Such unemployment can be fulfilled through expansion of tourism industry to some extent. Without people's participation, no development process meets the goal. To provide basic knowledge about tourism and its benefits to rural people is also a considerable fact in the context of tourism promotion. Basic requirements for tourism promotion viz. attractions, access, accommodations, activities, amenities, affinity, actors and acts (DDC/TRPAP-Chitwan, 2060 BS; Gautam and Adhikari, 2005) With policies and mechanism to translate the policies into programmes and their implementation, Nepal can step upward on the development ladder (Gautam and Adhikari, 2005). Distinguished identity of a nation helps to develop the tourism in the country. Nepal has its own identity in the field of tourism. Different tourists visit this country for different purposes (Source: Khanal, 1986). Newness is a source of pleasure to tourists. So they are always in search of new tastes and new things. It is highly recommend taking a step to survey and making research for the development of new places for rapid development of tourism in Nepal (Ranjit, 1984).The need for developing new tourism areas for stretching tourism activities to potential new areas has been one of the major concerns for the development of tourism. It has been felt to develop new popular destinations that provide suitable environment for the tourists and motivate affluent Nepalese to travel for pleasure, information, education, pilgrimage and so on. Furthermore, it is also importance to encourage private investment in new tourism product development sector suitable for the international/domestic market (NTB, 2058) Nepal should in the first place make an endeavor to consolidate those sectors in which it has comparative advantages and on the other hand make every attempt to diversify the tourism trade more extensively (Chand, 2000). It is recommend adopting similar approaches like TRPAP in other spheres of development programmes as the model designed with the functional autonomy from HMG and is destined towards sustenance through active involvement of rural communities and institutions. There needs to re-establish the natural thrust for tourism that was instigated during the vibrant Visit Nepal year Programme in 1998 (Source: Dhakal, 2006a -
and 2006b). The evaluation of marketing efforts is being initiated by various segments to promote tourism in Nepal (Source: Shrestha, H. P. 2000).

2.6 Prospects of Tourism in Nepal

One of the most important aspects of tourism is product. Scholars conceptualize tourism products as a bundle of activities, services and benefits that constitute the entire tourism experience. The bundle consists of tour components: destination attractions, destination facilities, accessibility, image at reasonable price (Kunwar, 2002). Tourism is anything which is designed for the pleasure and comfort of tourists. Tourists travel different places in order to satisfy their wants. To gain new knowledge and to explore new places are the main theme of traveling. Nepal has wider prospect in promoting tourism because it is probably one of the most fascinating and beautiful country in the world. It is no doubt, that there is a great scope of developing tourism in Nepal (Source: Ranjit, 1984). The natural landscapes, diverse cultural heritage, fascinating wildlife and brave people make Nepal unique – a small world in itself (Rai, 2002). Due to altitudinal variation, the climate varies from tropical, meso-thermal, micro-thermal, taiga, and tundra type and so as the vegetation ranging from sub tropical to alpine to Trans-Himalayan and it is also home to varied bio-resources like 6,500 flower species, 175 mammals, and 175 reptiles. In Nepal one can travel from lowest elevation of 60 m to highest mountain villages at a height above 6000 m. Likewise, highest Altitude Lake of Tilicho (4,419 m) is also found in Nepal (Gautam and Adhikari, 2005; Joshi, 2005). Nepal is the country of nonstop festivals (Shrestha, H. P. 2000). The first tourism asset of Nepal is her cultural treasure. Nepal is the cultural museum where art treasures and monuments of historical interest are many in numbers. The arts and crafts of Nepal impelled by ancient Hindu and Buddhists culture are of an astonishing richness especially in the Kathmandu. (Satyal, 2005) The culture and tradition as practiced by people become the essence of eco-tourism Typical ethnic life of the people of Nepal is one of the assets. Ways of life of mountain folk have visual impacts of remarkable dimension. The people of Nepal though not rich are generally cheerful and naturally hospitable. So the people of Nepal are the country’s greatest asset. They put different dresses and use different ornaments at different places speaking different dialects (Gautam and Adhikari, 2005). Adventure in wildlife reserves provide rustic comfort in isolated lodge and tented camp. Canoe trips, nature walks, jungle trips, elephant back jungle excursions viewing rhino, sloth bear, deer, leopard, and variety of birds can be easily enjoyed. Nepal dreams adventure travel supervised holiday with excitement and novelty but relaxed enough to enable a visitor the magnificent scenery, rare wildlife, culture and
way of life of the people. She presents wilderness amidst the great snowy mountains its own ecological and physical atmosphere. (Source: Satyal, 2005) Rafting has become another major type of adventure tourism in Nepal. Rafting trips on Trishuli, Narayani, Marsyangdi, Seti and Sunkoshi rivers can be scenic float trips down the calm shallow rivers or more adventurous “white water” rafting where one has to shoot the rapids. The combination trips consisting of trekking and rafting can
be organized for viewing lovely views. Nepal has a rich and varied species of fauna and flora. Nepal has tropical, sub-tropical to alpine type of vegetation. Topography of Nepal is influenced by the climate of the country and the flora with the difference in the shapes and ranges of altitudes. Terai- tropical zone in the south adjoining India is Nepal ’s richest area for wildlife. A number of national parks, wildlife Reserves, hunting reserves and conservation areas have been designated because of fear that these rare animals will become extinct because of population growth and deforestation. The spectacular wildlife lies in the tropical Terai in which the Chitwan National Park is situated. (Source: Satyal, 2005). Another asset is mountain tourism, which is the backbone of tourism industry in Nepal. The very name of Sagarmatha or Mount Everest, the name of the country Nepal reminds that visitors are on the top of the world. The snow capped lofty mountains provide a fascinating panorama of the famous Himalayan ranges. Nepal is widely known among potential visitors of the world through its mountains. (Source: Satyal, 2005) Nepal is one of the few countries in the world where seven world heritage sites (cultural) – Swambhunath Stupa, Bouddhanath Stupa, Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur Durbar Square, Pagoda temples of Changunarayan and Pashupatinath are situated within 20 km of radius. Other Nepal’s unique features are tallest mountains, deepest gorges (Kaligandaki) and Glaciers, highest settlement of Thakalis and Sherpas, never colonized Hindu Kingdom in history, unique flag, home of brave Gorkhas, Living Goddess (Kumari), “Gods more than people and temples more than houses and festivals more than days in a year with friendly people and social harmony” (Joshi, 2005). Due to Hindu and Buddhists shrines, throngs of pilgrims visit Nepal annually from neighboring countries. Beside these, national cultural centers outside Kathmandu valley are Janakpur, (Birth place of Sita, consort of Lord Rama of Hindu Epic of Ramayana), and Lumbini – World known birthplace of Gautam Buddha (World Heritage Site), Gosaikund, Barah Chhetra (Satyal, 2005). Religious and historical assets of the country should be preserved and brought out through media to attract tourists (Gautam and Adhikari, 2005). Nepal offers to the world the natural beauty, the ruggedness of the mountains and the people, ancient temples, monuments and palaces with its national parks and rare wildlife. It is an established fact that Nepal is a country with fabulous cultural richness. The valley of Kathmandu is known as the living museums of ancient arts, monuments and architectural masterpieces, which eloquently speak of the rich urban culture of the past. Besides three cities of Kathmandu valley, there are several places of cultural attractions scattered throughout the country. Nepal is famous for its scenic grandeur and natural panorama. There are several quiet and beautiful spots in the proximities of Kathmandu for rest and relaxation. National parks and wildlife with its rare and endangered species of animals and birds offer quite an interesting
tours and travel for tourist coming to Nepal. (Satyal, 2005) There is a wider prospect of developing village tourism because all villages have something new and unique to offer tourists. At the time, when the world is converging into global Village, the impervious culture added by unique geographical location, altitudinal variation and rich biodiversity can offer unique experience for tourists who come to see adventure in Himalayan Kingdom of Nepal. Thus, we can develop model ecotourism, which would ultimately benefit the local people (Source: Gautam and Adhikari, 2005). Additional tourist destination and new tourism attractions should be developed on the basis of feasibility study. Similarly, internal tourism should be promoted to maintain economic and social balance between different development regions. For this local bodies should be encouraged to develop model rural tourism spot and minimum facilities in tourist spot (Source: Rawal, 2004). Most of tourists revealed that the country should seriously work towards the development of proper infrastructure since 55 percent tourists emphasized on the improvement of the infrastructure (Source: Pradhan, 2005b).

2.7 Importance of Tourism in Nepal

Tourism is already an important industry in many developing countries (SNV/Nepal, 2005). Regarding the importance of tourism in Nepal, different concrete steps have been taken by Government to promote tourism in Nepal and it has been given a significant place in national policy (Malla, 1989). As such, a separate Tourism Ministry was formed in 1977 (Source: Ranjit, 1984). For many countries, receipts of foreign currency from tourism constitute the single largest item in their balance of payments. Tourism has been instrumental in reviving traditional culture, arts and handicrafts. Tourists want to experience the genuine, the authentic- and of course the picturesque (Source: Gurung, 2002). Tourism remains the third religion for us, first and second being Hinduism and Buddhism. Tourism is the prime source of earning foreign currency which must be developed to the fullest extent for the development of the nation as a whole. It helps to mobilize local resources and create opportunities for the people by engaging in hospitality business and the local products can be marketed at reasonable prices (Source: Gautam and Adhikari, 2005). Tourism attractions have remained an important element for the tourist industry as well as for the analysis and development of tourism (Pandey, 1995). Tourism increases economic activities that help to uplift living standards of rural people in the long run by creating employment opportunities at the homeland reduce the overwhelming brain and muscle drain to other countries risking their lives and future (Source: Gautam and Adhikari, 2005). Both agriculture and industries are facing the capital deficit. If tourism can be
developed the foreign exchange can meet the need of cash capital in foreign trade. Both our economic conditions and the natural phenomenon call for the tourism development but some problems are already present (Source: Khanal, 1986). Even at the time, when most of the other trade and industry are sometimes affected by internal and external problems, tourism has proved to be the industry surviving and producing good results (NTB, 2006b)

2.8 Growth of Tourism in Nepal

Though, Nepal has short history in tourism sector, we have had remarkable growth in tourism in the past few years. Today, Nepal has become a ‘Tourist Magnet’ (Pant, 2002). Tourists' arrivals started from 1962. In 1962, Nepal recorded 6,179 arrivals, these have grown steadily to reach 326,531 in 1994 (Pandey, 1995). In 1999,
tourists' arrival was highest in history i.e. 491,504 in number an increase of 6 percent over previous year (Dahal, 2060 BS), which may be the output of Visit Nepal 1998. Then after declining of tourist flow started. Market forces and new trends in tourism are favorable for tourism growth and development in many developing countries (SNV/Nepal, 2005). Nepal received just 338,132 visitors from outside the country in 2003, an increase of
22.7 percent over 2002 (NTB, 2004). It is only three fifths of the 1999 peak of just half million visitors (TRPAP, 2004). Significantly, in 2003 third country arrivals (international arrivals other than Indian nationals) showed 20.6 percent growth over 2002. Indian visitors' arrival went up by 29.3 percent over 2002 (NTB, 2004).
As compare to 2004, foreign tourists except Indians were declined by 3.9 percent in 2005 as given by MoCTCA. Indian visitors were increased by 8.2 percent up to 93,430 which was 86,328 only in previous year (Kantipur National Daily, 3 January, 2006). Tourists' arrivals in Nepal are increased by 31.8 percent and 6.9 percent for Indians and others respectively in January 2006. Tourists' from India, Korea, Japan, America, England are arrived (Kantipur, 20 Magh, 2062 BS). The regional and Asian markets have observed a better growth in recent year. The air arrival from India increases, where largest chunk of promotional budget has reached almost over 93 thousand. But then there is still a need for us to identify the potential segments of
travelers in India (NTTR, 2006).

2.9 Tourism - its relation with
2.9.1 Tourism and Economy

In 1996, According to figures of WTO and WTTC there were more than 560 million global travelers generating a total global income of over 3.6 trillion US Dollars.
(Kunwar, 2002).The WTTC has been measuring the economic impact of travel and tourism since 1991. In 1992, they released their first estimates of the impact of travel and tourism for the world, regions and OECD countries indicating that it is one of the world’s largest industries and a generator of quality jobs. In 1998, the global travel and tourism industry was expected to generate $ 3.6 trillion of economic activity and 231 million jobs (both direct and indirect), which is projected to grow to $ 8.0 trillion of economic activity and 328 million jobs by 2010 (Goeldner et. al., 2000).
This industry accounted for 8.2 percent of worldwide GDP in 1998 which will grow to 8.7 percent by 2010 (Goeldner et. al., 2000). Tourism is probably the most privileged industry in the world for its contribution to GDP, employment generation and many other positive values it brings to all nations. Tourism contributes 4 percent to the total GDP. (NTB, 2004; Gautam and Adhikari, 2005).The figures published by WTO - 23 - indicate that it is truly appreciating and very dynamic industry. Tourism is one of the most economic, social, cultural and political phenomena of the twentieth century (Shakya, 2004). It is important not only for earning foreign exchange but also important for unemployment problems balance of payment, strengthening diplomatic relationship, cultural exchange, trade diversification etc. Thus, it has become one of the very essential factors to uplift our natural economy (Ranjit, 1984). Tourism is a powerful economic force providing employment, foreign exchange, income and tax revenue (Goeldner et. al., 2000), conservation and promotion of historical, archaeological and cultural heritage. It also provides opportunities to the downtrodden communities and expands public awareness to involve in economic activities (Dhakal, 2006a, 2006b). It is sensitive to World economic and political condition (Nepal, 2003). The government’s objectives in developing tourism are to boost the national economy. Tourism plays an important factor to the Nepalese economy (Pandey, 1995; NTB, 2058 BS) and the overall development of the country. Tourism reaches into the varied aspects of Nepalese life and its benefits are encompassed by diverse sectors directly and indirectly (NTB, 2058 BS). All economic, socio-cultural and environmental consideration must be well understood in order to plan, develop and manage tourism successfully. Economic, environmentally and socio-cultural costs and benefits must be weighed to achieve a balanced development (SNV, 2004). Tourism directly/ indirectly employs an estimated 300,000 jobs in Nepal in 2000/2001. It generates many jobs for regional areas and young people. Inbound tourism generates around $170 million annually. Being Nepal’s major earner of foreign exchange dollars, it represents 15 percent of total export earnings which was expected to grow from $168 million in 1999 to $231 million in 2003. (NTB, 2058 B S). It is recognized by the nooks and corners of today’s world as the most important and capital generative industry (Adhikari, 1975). The locals seem optimistic in uplifting their economic status by attracting more tourists (Adhikari, 2004b). Tourism would prosper; the entrepreneurs wouldn’t have to close their business in near future (Kharel, 2004).Tourism should be well development for the economics progress of the majority of the countries. It can provide an international market for the home products. It can provide a narrow escape out of the obstacles of problems present in agriculture, trade and industry. Tourists visited in Nepal don’t purchase services but also go in cultural programmes, purchase handicrafts and other souvenirs of the country (Khanal, 1986). Export of handicraft products has increased by 11 percent amounting to Rs. 2.84 millions in fiscal year 2004/05 despite increased inflation and conflict in the country (The Himalayan Times, 3 January, 2006).

2.9.2 Tourism and Poverty

Poverty remains the most daunting challenge to our collective wisdom. Our past efforts have certainly helped reduce its intensity (NTTR, 2005b). HDR 2004 produced by UNDP has ranked Nepal 140th amongst 177 countries. The National Planning Commission (NPC) has estimated the incidence of income poverty at 38 percent
in 2000. NHDR 2001 of UN agencies working in Nepal has shown that poverty is greater and more pervasive in rural areas (41.4 percent) as compared to urban areas (23.9 percent). In Mountains, Hills and Terai, people below poverty live are estimated to be as high as 46.1, 37.2 and 40.2 percent respectively. Thus, overcoming human and income poverty is the biggest challenges for Nepal. (Pandey, 2060 BS; Pandey, 2004a). Tourism has been significant in many poor countries and is already affecting the livelihoods of millions of poor people both positively and negatively. However, poverty reduction is still not the care agenda of tourism in many counties (Pandey, 2060 BS). Government has considered tourism a vehicle to reduce the existing rural poverty and has undertaken initiatives to curb situation with the assistance of different donor agencies (Uprety, 2004).TRPAP will definitely help to meet the government’s goal of poverty reduction through the development of tourism in the rural areas (Adhikari, 2004a). Tourism plays significant role in poverty alleviation program (TRPAP, 2004).

2.9.3 Tourism and Nature

Nepal is largest natural and cultural museums of the world. It offers wonderful scenes and sights and rich diversity of culture and custom (Paudel 2060 BS). Nature
and tourism are important aspects of Nepal. There are possibilities to enhance tourism by managing natural resources properly. Every country in the world has their
own specialty, yet, no other country can rival Nepal for its magnificent natural wonders in its backyard (Pradhan, 2005a). Nature has played and still playing a dominating role in the tourism promotion (Pandey, 1995). The areas visited by tourists in the mountains of Nepal are mostly protected areas. Tourists from all over the world come to see the natural beauty of the Himalayas, its flora and fauna, and the cultural heritage of the people that live in the foothills of these mighty mountains. Nepal's endowment of such unique natural
areas actually spans almost the entire northern part of the country. There are few areas in the world having the potential for aesthetic and recreational uses. Therefore,
conservation needs to be emphasized for development and tourism to make it sustainable (ICIMOD, 1995).
'Naturally Nepal - Once is not enough' is endorsed as the next catchphrase for the promotion of Nepalese tourism by NTB (Pradhan, 2006). Subash Nirola – Director of NTB says that for tourism development of any area, we should never forget cultural and natural aspects of the area (Uprety, 2004). The scenic and wilderness values of Nepal are the most attractive things to attract the tourists (Khanal, 1986). The climatic suitability of the country is the next physical factor that can attracts tourists from different parts of the world (Ranjit, 1984). The earnings out of tourism areacquired without any exhaustion in the original resources. Therefore, it is also known as inexhaustible industry of a country (Adhikari, 1975).

 2.9.4 Tourism and Biodiversity

Nepal is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of biodiversity due to its unique geographical position and altitudinal variation. The elevation of the country ranges from 60m above sea le vel to the highest point on earth, Mt. Everest at 8,848 m, all within a distance of 150 Km resulting into climatic conditions from sub-tropical to Arctic. Nepal – occupying only 0.1 percent of the total landmass of the earth is home to 2 percent o f all the flowering plants in the world; 8 percent of the world’s population of birds (more than 848 species); 4 percent of mammals on earth; 11 of the world’s 15 families of butterflies (more than 500 species); 600 indigenous plant families; 319 species of exotic orchids. (www.welcomenepal.com) Nepal occupying only 0.1 percent of the earth’s landmass, but as per size of the country, she possesses one of the richest genetic biodiversity in the world. Because of its outstanding altitudinal variation, there are many opportunities to farm any plants from any parts of the world in Nepal. Nepal is an Amazon of Asia. The hidden
treasure of its rich biodiversity is not yet fully explored. Many new species could be discovered in Nepal (Shakya, 2006). Nepal harbors 5890 species of flowering plants which covers 2.4 percent of world ’s total and over 250 species the flowering  plants are endemic to Nepal. Nepal has nearly 300 varieties of orchids are found from the low lands up to the high hills of Nepal (Rai, 2002), more than 360 species of orchids which constitute over 2 percent of the world’s orchids and comprises 6 percent of the world’s rhododendron species. 36 percent of the World’s Meconopsis species “poppy” including blue poppies are found in Nepal of which four are endemic, only to be found in Nepal. Austria’s national flower are found in Nepal in Langtang valley abundantly, edelweiss which is almost extinct in Austria. Nepal has tallest grassland in the world exists in Chitwan and incredible wealth of medicinal and aromatic plants for the preparation of traditional and Ayurvedic medicines (Shakya, 2006) The Himalaya is known as the abode of ‘yak’ and ‘yeti’; less known is that Nepal is also home to the snow leopard, red panda, blue sheep and musk deer, and many more. In the lowland Terai belt are big elephants, Bengal tigers, one horned rhinoceros and wild buffaloes, as well as fresh water dolphins and crocodiles in the Kosi and Karnali rivers. More than 800 species of birds have been sighted (Rai, 2002), more than 8.5 percent of the world’s total bird species (Shakya, 2006); the number of reptiles and amphibians exceeds 200 varieties. In the spring the hills are blanketed in color; 36 different kinds of rhododendrons (the national flower of Nepal), and several varieties of showy magnolias and other flowering plants (Rai, 2002).

2.9.5 Tourism and Culture in Nepal, tourism supply components such as art, architecture and culture have been well developed since medieval period (Regmi, 1991). Tourism helps in the promotion and conservation of the art and culture (NTB, 2058 BS). There are 98 different ethnic groups and castes, among which 59 are recognized as indigenous in Nepal. All have their own culture, beliefs and customs and can be distinguished by their dress, food and appearance. Some 94 different languages are spoken, belonging to four different languages families- I n d o -Aryan, Tibeto-Burman, Austro-Asiatic and Draviadian. The majority of the population follows Hinduism, but there are also adherents of Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Shamanism and Bahai. There is a wealth of temples, monasteries, mosques and churches- very often standing peacefully
beside one another. (Rai, 2002) Nepal is only the Hindu Kingdom of the world and the future of Asia’s medieval past. Kathmandu has one of richest Buddhist icons in the world and is the living cultural museum of the world. Nepal is the country of nonstop festivals (Joshi, 2005; Shakya, 2006). Religious tolerance and cultural harmony is the living force of the Nepalese society. Not a single drop of blood has ever been shed in name of religious and ethnic riot in Nepal. Nepal is the birthplace of Lord Buddha, Janaki Sita, and it is the land of victorious Gorkha and living goddess - Kumari. Dolpo in Nepal is the last stronghold of Bonpo religion, mystic Bajrayana, an important Buddhist sect is found only in Nepal (Shakya, 2006). In order to attract tourists, Government should have to preserve existing culture, arts, monuments and research on this field should be carried out to introduce, new culture, best arts (Ranjit, 1984). The Nepalese people and their way of life act as a major attraction to visitors and represent an important facet to cultural tourism. The Nepalese warmth and friendliness towards visitors is part of their high degree of tolerance towards alien cultures and religions (Satyal, 2002). Chepangs, previously fishing in streams, Birds trapping in Liso, Killing Bats, engaging agriculture, are now motivated to exhibit their cultures and traditions towards tourists to supplement their income. This activity not only gives additional income but also conserve their culture and tradition as well (Devkota, 4 March, 2005; Devkota, 16 December, 2005).

2.9.6 Tourism and Geography

Nepal has the greatest geographical variation and largest ethnic diversity in the world given little space (0.1 percent of the total land) it occupies (NTTR, 2005d).
Kaligandaki is the river older than the Himalaya. Therefore, it acts as a major ecological dividing line of the whole eastern and western Himalaya (Shakya, 2006).
The Himalayan Kingdom of Nepal is distinguished by its spectacular mountain scenery, ancient religious culture, great climatic diversity and very warm and hospitable people (Pandey, 1995). In the lowlands, the temperature may be a sweltering 45oC but well below freezing in the mountains, only half an hours flight away. Moreover, Nepal extends beyond the Himalayas, with highland pastures on the arid trans-Himalayan plateaus of Manang, Mustang and Dolpa districts (Rai, 2002). These variations in geography and topography with climatic variations are one of the attractions for most of the tourists all over the country. That’s why; it is suitable for health tourism (Dahal, 2060 BS) 2.9.7 Tourism and Environmental Conservation Tourism and Environment are complementary to each other. In absence of one, another does not have any significance. Despite the long history of tourism in Nepal, interrelation of these two occasionally seems neglected due to which environmental pollution in the international tourism arena sometimes become issue. They are two sides of the same coin. For better tourism development of any area, infrastructure and environmental aspects should emphasize and go together. Unless, the
environmental conditions are improved, tourism industry can not prosper to desired
extent. Environmental pollution directly and indirectly exerts adverse impact on
tourism. To attract more tourists, people are becoming aware on the environmental
conservation (Uprety, 2004).

Tourism utilizes environmental resources and may be prone to changing attitudes
towards environmental quality amongst both tourists and the communities which host
them. There is no tourism with environmental damage. So, the study and concern in
tourism and environment go simultaneously. Factors responsible for the enhanced
awareness of the alternative forms of tourism include a greater awareness of the
environmental impacts of tourism (Kunwar, 1997).
Most of the tourists visiting Nepal traveled National Parks and Conservation Areas
where environmental conservation and preservation of wildlife, endangered birds
and plants are done. Tourism activities maintained environmental conservation and
preservation of religion and cultures as well. Development and promotion of tourism
that conserve environment without hampering the local people's life style is the
present requirement in sustainable tourism that ultimately enhance living standards
of rural poor in tourism potential areas by using alternative energy sources (Pandey,
8 Mangsir, 2062 BS).
The deteriorating environment of Nepal is being widely publicized in the global
tourism market. The country which was proud to have lush green forest in the 60’s
when the total composition of forest was around 7 million hectares but now only 5
million hectares (Chand, 2000).

2.10 Types of Tourism
2.10.1 Ecotourism

Ecotourism is a form of tourism inspired by the nature of an area, including
indigenous cultures. It should also entail development and welfare (Kunwar, 1997). It
is any style and type of tourism that has the potential to bring benefits to the local
economy whilst contributing to natural and cultural resource conservation (NTB,
2004). It aims to minimize any undesirable environmental impacts and socio-cultural
changes (Luger, 2002).
In ecotourism, it is famous to add prefix ‘eco’ in each and every term related to
tourism like ecotour, ecotravel, ecovacation, ecoadventure, ecocruise, ecosafari,
ecoexpedition etc. Ecotourism leads to economic, cultural, ecological and social
sustainability (Dahal, 2060 BS)

2.10.2 Mountain Tourism

Out of fourteen world's tallest mountains above 8000 m, Nepal alone accommodates
eight of it including world's tallest Mt. Everest. Besides, the country endowed with
numberless mountains above 7000 m and 6000 m and the magnitude of these
mountains stretches miles and miles like a diamond tiara on the pinnacle of Nepal
(Pradhan, 2005a). Physically, Nepal offers lovely products of adventure holiday in
the mountains. For mountaineers, Nepal provides an endless challenge due to
highest and most dramatic peaks to north and in the eastern half of Nepal (Satyal,
2000).
Tourism is one of the major issues with regard to the mountains since it has the
potential to contribute to the development (Nepal, 2003). It is estimated that
mountains share roughly 15-20 percent of the global tourism market (Mountain
Agenda, 1999; cited in Nepal 2003). In 1998, the United Nations General Assembly
declared 2002 – the international year of Mountains. This action responded directly
to Agenda 21, the major outcome of Earth Summit, Chapter 13 of which highlights
the need for urgent action to achieve sustainable mountain development. Mountain
tourism can be a key factor in achieving that goal (Nepal, 2003).

2.10.3 Trekking Tourism

Among the many tourist adventure activities in Nepal, trekking is by far the most
popular. The diversity in Nepal ’s nature and a range of exotic culture makes this
country ideal for trekking. Trekking in Nepal provides an opportunity to observe the
local culture of the people and enjoy the beauty of nature undisturbed by the
influence of modernity. One can choose between fully organized trekking and
independent trekking depending on the situation. The trekking sites of Nepal
includes Everest region, Annapurna region (one of the world ’s 12 best trekking trail),
Langtang area, Gorkha and Manaslu, the far east (Kanchenjunga area, Milke Danda,
Jaljale Himal), the west (Dolpa), Humla and Jumla, Kathmandu valley (Shivapuri
area, Sundarijal to Budhanilkantha, Godavari to Phulchowki, Kirtipur to Champadevi,
Nagarjun, Nagarkot to Changu Narayan) etc. (www.welcomenepal.com)
Trekking tourism, particularly in the mountain areas, occupies a prominent place in
the Nepalese tourism industry. Most of the trekking tourism in Nepal takes place in
protected areas (ICIMOD, 1995). Trekking in Nepal is a product, almost entirely
reliant on long haul markets and increasingly coming under pressure from new,
exotic and (in some cases) better managed and more stable tourism destinations
(TRPAP, 2004a). Nepal, having 8 mountains higher than 8000 m height, has 27
percent of tourists for adventure and trekking (TRPAP, 2004)

2.10.4 Wildlife Tourism

Nepal still shows that foreigners are very interested in wildlife tourism. Among
different attraction for the tourists in the country, wildlife also has been a major one.
Lots of tourists had been visiting to the national parks and wildlife reserves. The first
established national park, Royal Chitwan National Park (RCNP) is the most popular
national park among the tourists. Wildlife tourism has very much prospect and
foreigners are interested in coming Nepal for wildlife (K. C. 2005b).

2.10.5 Village Tourism

Village tourism/ Rural tourism concept development in Nepal is a new agenda in
travel and tourism industry institutionally propounded by Kathmandu Research
Center. The concept is Nepal's own creativity and innovation exhausted from the
Nepalese soil. Nepal's village tourism can lead the global tourism village
development to the whole world at largest extent. Nepal shed light on the new vision
enlightening village tourism industry meeting hand in hand with village and villagers.
It is village tourism propagated on the fantastic model of new tourists destinations in
the country of villages. (Pradhanang, 2000; 2002; 2005). This concept about rural
tourism or community based tourism has surged worldwide in the field of tourism at
present. This has brought change in the traditional concepts and views on tourism
part from adding new dimension in the sustainable tourism (Devkota, 2060).
Villages have been transformed into model tourism villages in places where there
were no traces of tourism activities earlier. These villages have undergone lot of
changes in construction of physical infrastructure, employing rural community,
providing income generating trainings and access to easy loan facilities to let the
skills materialize (Mahat, 2005). Rural areas have long played an important role in
tourism and a wide range of outdoor leisure within the developed world. Rural areas
are perceived variously; as idylls to which escape from the pressures of modern
urban-industrial society, as untamed wilderness which can rekindle the human spirit
(Shaw et. al, 2000). Community Based Rural Tourism (CBRT) is a new concept and
initiatives in the context of Nepal, has surged worldwide in the field of tourism at
present (Nirola, 2004; 2005). It has become a model of responsible tourism for
community development (K. C. 2005b). This type of tourism not only trained the
communities to enhance the capability but also have created environment to carry
out income generating activities and created fund in local levels (Dangol, 2005).
It is slowly changing the livelihood of the people without losing their identity and
culture (Adhikari, 2004b). It is important to lengthen tourists' staying which becomes

vital if the industry is to sustain (Gautam and Adhikari, 2005). Over 80 percent of the
total area in Nepal is covered with villages and majority of rural populace are
deprived of even the basic facilities like food, sanitation, health, and education. Due
to high illiteracy cases and fewer opportunities for generating income, many are
doomed to lead a low standard and unhealthy life style. And this is exactly where
rural tourism can step in (Shakya, 2005).
It has been seen as a vehicle to drive through several economic activities. In this
sense, we have immense opportunities and potential to develop local economy. The
village tourism plan aims to integrate the effectiveness of sound mobilization to
alleviate poverty development. The village is a store house of nature and culture.
Villagers should know their village tourism products by which they can earn a lot of
money (Pradhanang, 2000; 2002).
Rural tourism is the poor man’s tourism (Kunwar, 1997). It holds an immense
potential of raising the socioeconomic standards of indigenous people and to solve
unemployment problems through development of tourism in Nepalese villages
(Shakya, 2005; Pradhanarg.2060 BS). It was only 8th five-year national plan when
rural tourism was coined to be a major tool in combating poverty in rural areas. In
10th plan the government has extended its full support and commitments to
capitalizing tourism as the vehicle for poverty alleviation. Significant steps have been
taken towards identifying and promoting tourism potentials in rural areas over the
years (Shakya, 2005). One of them is tourism, the new concept of rural tourism to
promote agriculture as tourism.
One who is looking upon the world’s best tourism or accommodation center should
think about tourist village and village tourism. Tourist village and village tourism can
be real tourism industry as the top business activity in the world. Nepal in this
circumstance, can lead the village tourism concept to the world. There is no longer a
small world than a tourist village in Nepal. Nepal based village has its own special
meaning and understanding (Pradhanang, 2000; 2002).
Village tourism such as Sirubari type of concept is to be encouraged throughout
Nepal where almost every house has converted into a hotel (Upadhyay, 2005). It has
both prospects and problems. So, it is necessary to overcome the problems if the
prospects are to change in reality. The first and foremost need is to prevail peace in
the country. (Gautam and Adhikari, 2005). It is a type of holiday based in principle on
being housed on a farm and organized around activities connected with the farm
(Kunwar, 1997).

2.10.6 Agritourism

Tourism activities related to the agriculture is known as agritourism. The concept is
new for most of the countries. But it is especially important for agricultural countries
like Nepal (Dangol, 2062 BS) Least developed countries like Nepal follows
agriculture as a basic occupation. Most of citizen produce cereals, vegetables,
fishes, honey etc. Nepal gets more benefits from agritourism being an agricultural
country. There are two kinds of agrotourists in Nepal. They are farmer tourists
(mostly internal tourists, who come to observe new cultivation practices different
from their own practices and another tourists that need fresh vegetables, fruits,
fishes honey etc (may be domestic as well as international) (Dahal, 2060).
Agricultural tourism, or agri-tourism, is one alternative for improving the incomes and
potential economic viability of small farms and rural communities (SFC, 2006).
Tourism attractions and activities of agritourism includes honey bee farms, IPM
farmers’ schools, different fruit cultivation, organic vegetable farming, poultry farms,
dairies and milk cooling centers, traditional agricultural practices, fishing and hunting,
elephant riding bird watching different nurseries, herbal farms national parks,
ploughing with pair of bullocks, Ropai Jatra etc. different Haat Bazzars, expos like
poultry expo, and other festivals like honey festival etc. (Dangol, 2062 BS; Maharjan,
2006).

2.11 Tourism - View point from different Plan Periods

Different five years plans had laid emphasis on tourism development and promotion
to make it all round all season (Pandey, 1995; Dahal, 2060 BS). Every plan seems to
have its good tale to tell towards tourism development in Nepal. But no single plan
seems to be backed by aggressive design to do its utmost because of its own
limitation in terms of manpower, financial resources and the greatest limiting factor is
the complexity of coordination and cooperation between/among the line agencies
(Malla, 1989).
History of tourism development in Nepal can be divided into two phases; one before
1950 and another after 1950 to till now (Dahal, 2060 BS). Recorded history of Nepal
showed that Lichhavis began to prosper nation in art, culture, painting, architecture
and sculpture. The Mallas succeeded this prosperity by transforming the small
Kingdoms of Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur into “Open Air Museum of Art and
Architecture ” (Dahal, 2060 BS; Joshi, 2005)

Centuries later, the democratic revolution of 1951 AD marked as a new era in
tourism sector in Nepal by opening nation for outer world, foundation for foreign
visitors (Joshi, 2005). Literature shows that until the early 1950s Nepal was a
forbidden Kingdom, remote and virtually unexplored. However, few foreigners had
entered the country as invitees to hunting expedition. Moreover, the country has no
air and road access to the capital Kathmandu until 1947, when the first aeroplane
was landed (Pandey, 1995). The promotion of tourism in the true sense started more
or less from the beginning of 1960. but concrete steps to promote and intensify it ’s
development activities in a more scientific and coordinated way were made when a
high level ‘Nepal Tourism Development Committee’ was formed in 1970 (Regmi,
1991).
Planned development of tourism in Nepal starts from the first five year plan (1956-
61). In 1953, Mt. Everest was successfully ascended (Pandey, 1995; Joshi, 2005). In
1955, Nepal became a member of United Nations which led Nepal to introduce in
international arena (Dahal, 2060 BS). Nepal became a member of the International
Union of Travel Organization in 1959 which is now known as United Nations World
Tourism Organization after the misconception with World Trade Organization (WTO)
(NTTR, 2005e). In 1958, establishment of RNAC though a private company
“Himalayan Airways” was already established and operated internal flights in 1953
(Joshi, 2005).
First book on tourism entitled Travel and Tourism in Nepalese perspectives was
written by I. K. Pradhan in 1979 (Kunwar, 2002). Enactment of different acts and
policies like Tourism Act, 2035 B. S.; Tourism Policy, 2052 B. S.; Immigration Act,
2049 B. S.; Immigration Regulation, 2051 B. S.; Nepal Tourism Board Act, 2053 B.
S. etc. in Nepal were positive steps for the development of tourism (Pandey, 1995;
Dahal, 2060 BS; Joshi, 2005)
In Nepal, there was no tourism planning till 1965. The history of tourism planning
started when the first five years plan (1956-61) came into existence. With the
establishment of Department of Tourism in 1959, it is found important in sector of
Nepalese economy. In 3rd five years plan (1965-70), an objective for the increment of
the number of incoming tourists and foreign exchange earnings was started. In 4th
five years plan (1970-75), Nepal Tourism Master Plan 1972, was formulated which
put forward a comprehensive set of policies to promote tourism immediately and in
future. 5th five years plan focused on the preservation of historic, cultural and natural
attractions of the kingdom to promote tourism and to spread its growth in other
potential areas, apart from the Kathmandu valley where tourism was mostly
concentrate. 6th five years plan also drew heavily on the master plan

recommendations for the increment of foreign currency reserve to improve the
balance of payment situation by increasing number of tourists and duration of stay.
8th five years plan emphasizes on the promotion of environmental, historical and
cultural asset through tourism promotion and developing linkage between tourism
and other sectors of the economy. (www.npc.com.np)
Visit Nepal Year 1998 was most probably one of the major initiatives taken
collectively by the Government along with the private sector to promote tourism. It
was indeed a challenging responsibility to the Government (Chand, 2000).
Formalization of concept of domestic tourism was done in 9th development plan. It
classified tourism into 3 broad categories: SAARC Region tourism, International
tourism and Domestic tourism. Potentiality of domestic tourism needs to be further
investigated (Chand, 2000).
Ninth five year development plan (1997-2002) gave due recognition to village
tourism and declared to develop 14 model tourist villages throughout the country,
one in each developmental region. The Tenth five year plan has also given continuity
to the concept with its declared policy of poverty alleviation (Upadhyay, 2005). Tenth
plan has accepted tourism as a potential means of poverty alleviation and
acknowledged as an important alternative economic activity of the nation (Uprety,
2004, Adhikari, 2005; Dhakal, 2006a and 2006b). The plan has laid much emphasis
on pro-rural tourism because in reality only infrastructure development does not
bring in core tourists. Tourism itself becomes instrumental for infrastructure
development (Mahat, 2005). The budget 2005/06 has provoked mixed reaction from
tourism industry. Nonetheless the priority given by the government towards tourism
sector is seemingly visible (NTTR, 2005c). By 2006, in accordance with HMG ’s
vision NTB will strive to return to the 1999 levels of achieving half a million arrivals
(NTTR, 2005d).

2.12 Review of Literature related to Chobhar

Books or research reports solely dealing with the different aspects as social, cultural,
economic etc of Chobhar is not available (Noted that this is the first publication about
tourism development in Chobhar). The following books and articles published in
different periodicals have been studied for this purpose:
Karunakar Vaidya in his book “Buddhist Traditions and Culture of the Kathmandu
Valley ” presented a glimpse of Nepalese Vihars and the culture and religious
significance thereof. It also discusses different cultural festivals that are based on
religion such as the Bagmati Snan (taking a bath in the river Bagmati). The author
- 35 -
has presented a synopsis of the religio-cultural aspect of Newar Buddhism in his
work. The book is small but is informative and interesting. (Karunakar Vaidhya,
1986)
Varnabajra Bajracharya in his book “Arya Bhandrachari Wo Memegu Stotra Dharani
Sahit ” has presented a hymns of Devi Vasudhara. The author has also narrated a
brief story of Adinath. (Varnabajra Bajracharya, 2039)
Jagadish Chandra Regmi and Pashupati Kumar Dwivedi in their book “Shree
Adinath ” studied the religious activities in the temple of Adinath at Chobhar. The
book, however, doesnot deal with the art, architecture and iconographic aspect of
the temple. However, the Guthi records of the temple have been discussed in detail.
(Jagadish Chandra Regmi and Pashupati Kumar Dwivedi, 2046)
John K. Locke in his book “Karunamaya” has discussed the significance of the
Buddhist deity – Karunamaya. It is the study of the cult of Karunamaya, one of the
most important and popular Buddhist deities of the Kathmandu Valley. The author
has also studied the religious and cultural background for the popularity of the deity
in the society. It is helpful to the students of the Nepalese culture. (John K. Locke,
1980)
John K. Locke in his book “Buddhist Monasteries of Nepal” describes different Vihars
of the Kathmandu valley. The author has given the general features of the Vihars
and the Buddhist culture in different historical period in Kathmandu valley. His study
also includes the social activities in the Vihars. (John K. Locke, 1985)
Die Hoelle, a yearly publication on caves from all around the world, has published an
article on Chobhar caves by V. V. Cilek and Danniel Gebauer on German language
with important facts. It is also translated into English. It gives scientific reports on the
caves of Chobhar. It also raises questions about the archaeological importance of
the cave. (Von Vaclab Cilek and Danniel Gebauer, 1988)
Tourism is the result of the technical evolution in the field of transport and
communication. The evolution made it possible for the people visit from one
continent to another continent in the world. Enjoying more leisure, earlier retirement,
business trips and exploding the beauties of nature accompanied by the ability of
afford are the motives behind traveling from one country to another country. Tourism
is an invisible trade play on increasingly important role in national trade. It is
considered to be the fastest growing industry with scope to future. Indeed tourism is
one of the largest industries in the world. Foreign tourism and travel are more than

twice as large as the world trade in chemical and about three times as the global
trade in textiles. It all shows the important of tourism as an industry.
Tourism as an industry is one, which has tremendous potentialities. The foreign
exchange earning capacity and employment generating potentials are its major
attraction. Tourism is taken as a very important industry in the sense that it helps to
correct adverse trade balance in the economy and generates employment
opportunities and helps in promotion and contribution of art and culture. Therefore,
for overall upliftment of the economy, the tourism sector has to keep on growing in
the years to come.
Almost all these studies show the important role played by the tourism sector in the
development and discuss the nature, prospects and problems of tourism
development in the country. Taking into account, all the above consideration, the
present study also highlights some important aspect of tourism regarding status,
development, prospects and problems.